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By: Carew Boulding, Claudio A Holzner

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In the end, the findings in the book are very robust to different specifications, but we faced some difficult tradeoffs. For example, we initially created an index of political participation that included eight different modes of political participation asked in LAPOP surveys up until 2012. This index was more robust and less susceptible to bias from one kind of political act alone. It also produced a stronger negative relationship between wealth and political participation than the 4-point index we eventually used. One of the most difficult decisions we had to make was whether to include our full index of political participation valid only up until 2012 or to use the 4-point index that allowed us to bring the analysis closer to the present. Given that the core substantive results were essentially the same regardless of how we constructed the index, we opted for using the most up-to-date information available to us at the time.

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